orthodontic treatment

Orthodontic Treatment

Can Be Achieve by :

1 ) Fixed Orthodontic Appliances

2 ) Removable Orthodontic Appliances

3 ) Functional Appliances

4 ) Orthognathic Surgery

Fixed Orthodontic Appliances Component :

1 ) Band

2 ) Archwire

3 ) Bracket

4 ) Auxiliary :

A ) Ligatures

B ) Elastics

Removable Appliances Component :

1 ) Active Component

2 ) Retentive Component

3 ) Anchorage Component

4 ) Baseplate

Active Component :

1 ) Buccal Canine Retractor

2 ) Palatal Finger Spring

3 ) Double Cantilever

4 ) Robert’s Retractor

5 ) Expansion Screw

Retentive Component :

1 ) Adam’s Clasp

2 ) C Clasp

3 ) Southend Clasp

4 ) Ball Ended Clasp

5 ) Labial Bow

Anchorage Component :

1 ) Retentive Component

2 ) Baseplate

Functional Appliances (Class ii Functional) :

1 ) Twin Block

2 ) Headgear

3 ) Andresen

4 ) Bionator

5 ) Frankel :

A ) Frankel 1 for Class ii division 1

B ) Frankel 2 for Class ii division 2

C ) Frankel 3 for class iii

D ) Frankel 4 for Anterior Open Bite

Orthognathic Surgery :

1 ) Pre Surgical Orthodontic

2 ) Surgery

3 ) Post Surgical Orthodontic

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MELAKA TREM

Projek Melaka Trem ikon utama negara

MELAKA 19 Feb. - Perdana Menteri, Datuk Seri Najib Tun Razak menyifatkan projek Melaka Trem bernilai RM272 juta di Ayer Keroh di sini, mampu menjadi ikon utama negara apabila ia siap kelak.

Menurut beliau, trem yang pertama di dunia menggunakan gas asli (NGV) itu bukan sahaja bakal dinikmati oleh penduduk Melaka malah keseluruhan rakyat negara ini.

Beliau teruja dengan pelaksanaan projek itu kerana teknologinya dibangunkan oleh rakyat tempatan yang juga Presiden dan Pengarah Urusan syarikat pengeluar trem, Mrails International Sdn. Bhd., Datuk Jeya Kumar.

"Kita perlu mencetuskan produk-produk yang lebih unik lagi menarik.
"Melaka Trem ini dianggap unik kerana ia belum pernah dilakukan dan trem ini pertama di dunia yang menggunakan NGV sebagai tenaga penggerak," katanya ketika merasmikan majlis pecah tanah projek Melaka Trem di sini hari ini.

Turut hadir Ketua Menteri, Datuk Seri Mohd. Ali Rustam; Menteri Besar Terengganu, Datuk Seri Ahmad Said dan penaung Mrails International Sdn. Bhd., Tengku Muda Pahang, Tengku Abdul Rahman Sultan Ahmad Shah.

Melaka Trem yang dijadual siap pada Mei tahun depan dilaksanakan secara usaha sama di antara Melaka, Pahang dan Terengganu yang menyediakan khidmat pusat latihan bagi pengendalian pemanduan trem.

Landasan trem sejauh 40 kilometer itu bermula dari Plaza Tol Ayer Keroh melalui 23 lokasi termasuk tempat-tempat bersejarah hingga ke Dataran Pahlawan di Bandar Hilir.

Antaranya landasan trem akan melalui Hotel Seri Malaysia, Taman Botanikal, Zoo Melaka, Masjid Al-Azim, Muzium, Dataran Pahlawan, Kelab Harbour, Kampung Hilir dan Hospital Putra.

Caj bayaran kemudahan trem tersebut juga dilihat mesra rakyat dan antara terendah di dunia iaitu RM2 untuk sekali perjalanan manakala RM5 bagi perjalanan sehari.

Sementara itu di Jasin, Perdana Menteri mengumumkan peruntukan Kerajaan Pusat sebanyak RM5.5 juta bagi membina dan menaik taraf Jeti Nelayan Kuala Merlimau Pantai.

Peruntukan itu turut merangkumi kos bagi kerja-kerja mengorek dan mendalamkan muara bagi memudahkan nelayan keluar masuk ke jeti tersebut.

Selain itu, ia turut melibatkan penyediaan kemudian seperti stor, bengkel membaiki bot dan gerai ikan.

Terdahulu, Najib meluangkan masa berjalan kaki meninjau pembangunan sekitar pekan Merlimau sebelum disambut kira-kira 3,000 penyokong Barisan Nasional (BN).

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mandibular major connector (RPD)

Mandibular Major Connector

Relief on the fitting surface :

1 ) Tooth-tissue borne more relief than tooth borne

2 ) Vertical sloping of adjacent alveolar ridge : less relief

3 ) Horizontal sloping of adjacent alveolar ridge : more relief

4 ) Fulcrum line posterior to major connector : less relief

5 ) Fulcrum line anterior to major connector : more relief

6 ) Increased relief  when :

A ) Increased mobility of the abutment teeth

B ) Displaceable of residual ridge

C ) Poor bone quality

D ) Increased labial inclination of lower anterior teeth

Types of Mandibular Major Connector :

 1 ) Lingual Bar

2 ) Lingual Plate

3 ) Double Lingual Bar (Kennedy)

4 ) Labial Bar

Lingual Bar :

1 ) Functional depth of lingual sulcus : >= 8mm

2 ) 3mm from gingival margin

3 ) Half pear shaped cross section :

-superior-inferior  : 4-5 mm

-anterior-posterior : 2 mm

4 ) 3mm + (4-5mm) + 1mm

Lingual Plate :

1 ) Functional depth of sulcus : < 5 mm

2 ) Future loss of natural teeth anticipated

3 ) Lingual tori present

4 ) Posterior teeth have been loss and additional indirect retention is desired.

Double Lingual Bar (kennedy) :

1 ) Indicated primarily when contact with remaining mandibular anterior teeth is indicated, but open embrasures exist, and not indicated when crowding exist.

2 ) Tendency to trap food debris

3 ) Often irritate tongue

Labial Bar : 

1 ) When mandibular teeth severely inclined lingually

2 ) When large lingual tori present and cannot be removed

3 ) 3mm below gingival margin

4 ) Less rigidity because of longer extension

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maxillary major connector (RPD)

Maxillary Major Connector

Maxillary major connector :

1 ) Palatal Bar (< 8mm)

2 ) Palatal Strap (8mm – 12mm)

3 ) Palatal Plate (>12mm)

Palatal Strap :

1 ) Midpalatal Strap (posterior)

-Tooth Borne RPDs when post teeth is missing

2 ) Anterior palatal strap (horseshoe or U shaped)

-Tooth Borne RPDs when anterior teeth is missing

3 ) Anteroposterior palatal strap

-Tooth borne / tooth-mucosa borne RPDs , when replacement anterior  &  posterior teeth is required

Palatal Plate :

1 ) Modified palatal plate

-Tooth-mucosa borne RPDs

2 ) Complete palatal plate

-Long span bilateral tooth-mucosa borne, with or without anterior tooth replacement.

Palatal Bar :

1 ) Anterio-posterior palatal bar

-Short span class iii application replacing 1 or 2 teeth , on each side of the arch

-Not a 1^st choice

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malocclusion in general

Classification Of Malocclusion :

1 ) Dental Variation

2 ) Skeletal Variation

Dental Variation :

1 ) Intra Arch Variation

2 ) Inter Arch Variation

Intra Arch Variation :

1 ) Anomalies in Tooth Position

2 ) Impaction

3 ) Crowding

4 ) Spacing

5 ) Midline Diastema

Inter Arch Variation :

1 ) Incisal Inter Arch Variation

2 ) Posterior Inter Arch Variation

Skeletal Variation :

1 ) Anterio-Posterior Relationship

2 ) Vertical Relationship

3 ) Transverse Relationship

Inter Arch Variation : Incisal Inter Arch Variation

1 ) Anterio-Posterior relationship :

Incisal Relationship :

-Class i

-Class ii division 1

-Class ii division 2

-Class iii

2 ) Vertical Relationship :

A ) Increased Overbite :

-Complete

-Incomplete

-Traumatic

B ) Anterior Open Bite

C ) Reduced Overbite

3 ) Transverse Relationship :

-Center Line Discrepancy

Inter Arch Variation : Posterior Inter Arch Variation

1 ) Anterio-Posterior Relationship :

A ) Angle’s Relationship : 

-Class i

-Class ii

-Class iii

B ) Canine Relationship : 

-Class i

-Class ii

-Class iii

2 ) Vertical Relationship :

-Lateral Open Bite

3 ) Transverse Relationship :

-Buccal Cross Bite

- Lingual Cross Bite

Skeletal Variation :

1 ) Anterio-Posterior Relationship :

A ) Class i skeletal relationship – ANB Angle : ( 2-4 )degree

B ) Class ii skeletal relationship – ANB Angle : > 4 degree

C ) Class iii skeletal relationship – ANB Angle : < 2 degree 

2 ) Vertical Relationship : 

A ) Maxillary Mandibular Plane Angle (MMPA) :

-Average : (27+/-5) degree 

-Open bite : 32 degree 

-Deep Bite : 22 degree

B ) Lower Facial Height ( Subnasale – Menton ) : 

-Average : 55% 

-Increased : > 55%

-Reduced : < 55%

3 ) Transverse Relationship : 

A ) Maxilla :

-Wide Maxilla – Lingual Crossbite

-Narrow Maxilla – Buccal Crossbite

B ) Mandible :

-Wide Mandible – Buccal Crossbite

-Narrow Mandible – Lingual Crossbite

Indication For Orthodontic Treatment :

1 ) Aesthetic

2 ) Function

3 ) Prosthetic

4 ) Prophylactic

Orthodontic Treatment :

1 ) Removable Appliance

2 ) Fixed Appliances

3) Functional Appliances

4 ) Orthognathic Surgery

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